windows commands

An A-Z Index of the Windows XP command line

ADDUSERS Add or list users to/from a CSV file
   ARP      Address Resolution Protocol
   ASSOC    Change file extension associations•
   ASSOCIAT One step file association
   ATTRIB   Change file attributes
b
   BOOTCFG  Edit Windows boot settings
   BROWSTAT Get domain, browser and PDC info
c
   CACLS    Change file permissions
   CALL     Call one batch program from another•
   CD       Change Directory - move to a specific Folder•
   CHANGE   Change Terminal Server Session properties
   CHKDSK   Check Disk - check and repair disk problems
   CHKNTFS  Check the NTFS file system
   CHOICE   Accept keyboard input to a batch file
   CIPHER   Encrypt or Decrypt files/folders
   CleanMgr Automated cleanup of Temp files, recycle bin
   CLEARMEM Clear memory leaks
   CLIP     Copy STDIN to the Windows clipboard.
   CLS      Clear the screen•
   CLUSTER  Windows Clustering
   CMD      Start a new CMD shell
   CMDKEY   Manage stored usernames/passwords
   COLOR    Change colors of the CMD window•
   COMP     Compare the contents of two files or sets of files
   COMPACT  Compress files or folders on an NTFS partition
   COMPRESS Compress individual files on an NTFS partition
   CON2PRT  Connect or disconnect a Printer
   CONVERT  Convert a FAT drive to NTFS.
   COPY     Copy one or more files to another location•
   CSCcmd   Client-side caching (Offline Files)
   CSVDE    Import or Export Active Directory data 
d
   DATE     Display or set the date•
   DEFRAG   Defragment hard drive
   DEL      Delete one or more files•
   DELPROF  Delete NT user profiles
   DELTREE  Delete a folder and all subfolders
   DevCon   Device Manager Command Line Utility 
   DIR      Display a list of files and folders•
   DIRUSE   Display disk usage
   DISKCOMP Compare the contents of two floppy disks
   DISKCOPY Copy the contents of one floppy disk to another
   DISKPART Disk Administration
   DNSSTAT  DNS Statistics
   DOSKEY   Edit command line, recall commands, and create macros
   DSACLs   Active Directory ACLs
   DSAdd    Add items to active directory (user group computer) 
   DSGet    View items in active directory (user group computer)
   DSQuery  Search for items in active directory (user group computer)
   DSMod    Modify items in active directory (user group computer)
   DSMove   Move an Active directory Object
   DSRM     Remove items from Active Directory
e
   ECHO     Display message on screen•
   ENDLOCAL End localisation of environment changes in a batch file•
   ERASE    Delete one or more files•
   EVENTCREATE Add a message to the Windows event log
   EXIT     Quit the current script/routine and set an errorlevel•
   EXPAND   Uncompress files
   EXTRACT  Uncompress CAB files
f
   FC       Compare two files
   FIND     Search for a text string in a file
   FINDSTR  Search for strings in files
   FOR /F   Loop command: against a set of files•
   FOR /F   Loop command: against the results of another command•
   FOR      Loop command: all options Files, Directory, List•
   FORFILES Batch process multiple files
   FORMAT   Format a disk
   FREEDISK Check free disk space (in bytes)
   FSUTIL   File and Volume utilities
   FTP      File Transfer Protocol
   FTYPE    Display or modify file types used in file extension associations•
g
   GLOBAL   Display membership of global groups
   GOTO     Direct a batch program to jump to a labelled line•
   GPUPDATE Update Group Policy settings
h
   HELP     Online Help
i
   iCACLS   Change file and folder permissions
   IF       Conditionally perform a command•
   IFMEMBER Is the current user in an NT Workgroup
   IPCONFIG Configure IP
k
   KILL     Remove a program from memory
l
   LABEL    Edit a disk label
   LOCAL    Display membership of local groups
   LOGEVENT Write text to the NT event viewer
   LOGMAN   Manage Performance Monitor
   LOGOFF   Log a user off
   LOGTIME  Log the date and time in a file
m
   MAPISEND Send email from the command line
   MBSAcli  Baseline Security Analyzer. 
   MEM      Display memory usage
   MD       Create new folders•
   MKLINK   Create a symbolic link (linkd)
   MODE     Configure a system device
   MORE     Display output, one screen at a time
   MOUNTVOL Manage a volume mount point
   MOVE     Move files from one folder to another•
   MOVEUSER Move a user from one domain to another
   MSG      Send a message
   MSIEXEC  Microsoft Windows Installer
   MSINFO   Windows NT diagnostics
   MSTSC    Terminal Server Connection (Remote Desktop Protocol)
   MUNGE    Find and Replace text within file(s)
   MV       Copy in-use files
n
   NET      Manage network resources
   NETDOM   Domain Manager
   NETSH    Configure Network Interfaces, Windows Firewall & Remote access
   NETSVC   Command-line Service Controller
   NBTSTAT  Display networking statistics (NetBIOS over TCP/IP)
   NETSTAT  Display networking statistics (TCP/IP)
   NOW      Display the current Date and Time 
   NSLOOKUP Name server lookup
   NTBACKUP Backup folders to tape
   NTRIGHTS Edit user account rights
o
   OPENFILES Query or display open files
p
   PATH     Display or set a search path for executable files•
   PATHPING Trace route plus network latency and packet loss
   PAUSE    Suspend processing of a batch file and display a message•
   PERMS    Show permissions for a user
   PERFMON  Performance Monitor
   PING     Test a network connection
   POPD     Restore the previous value of the current directory saved by PUSHD•
   PORTQRY  Display the status of ports and services
   POWERCFG Configure power settings
   PRINT    Print a text file
   PRINTBRM Print queue Backup/Recovery
   PRNCNFG  Display, configure or rename a printer
   PRNMNGR  Add, delete, list printers set the default printer
   PROMPT   Change the command prompt•
   PsExec     Execute process remotely
   PsFile     Show files opened remotely
   PsGetSid   Display the SID of a computer or a user
   PsInfo     List information about a system
   PsKill     Kill processes by name or process ID
   PsList     List detailed information about processes
   PsLoggedOn Who's logged on (locally or via resource sharing)
   PsLogList  Event log records
   PsPasswd   Change account password
   PsService  View and control services
   PsShutdown Shutdown or reboot a computer
   PsSuspend  Suspend processes
   PUSHD    Save and then change the current directory•
q
   QGREP    Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern.
r
   RASDIAL  Manage RAS connections
   RASPHONE Manage RAS connections
   RECOVER  Recover a damaged file from a defective disk.
   REG      Registry: Read, Set, Export, Delete keys and values
   REGEDIT  Import or export registry settings
   REGSVR32 Register or unregister a DLL
   REGINI   Change Registry Permissions
   REM      Record comments (remarks) in a batch file•
   REN      Rename a file or files•
   REPLACE  Replace or update one file with another
   RD       Delete folder(s)•
   RMTSHARE Share a folder or a printer
   ROBOCOPY Robust File and Folder Copy
   ROUTE    Manipulate network routing tables
   RUNAS    Execute a program under a different user account
   RUNDLL32 Run a DLL command (add/remove print connections)
s
   SC       Service Control
   SCHTASKS Schedule a command to run at a specific time
   SCLIST   Display NT Services
   SET      Display, set, or remove environment variables•
   SETLOCAL Control the visibility of environment variables•
   SETX     Set environment variables permanently
   SFC      System File Checker 
   SHARE    List or edit a file share or print share
   SHIFT    Shift the position of replaceable parameters in a batch file•
   SHORTCUT Create a windows shortcut (.LNK file)
   SHOWGRPS List the NT Workgroups a user has joined
   SHOWMBRS List the Users who are members of a Workgroup
   SHUTDOWN Shutdown the computer
   SLEEP    Wait for x seconds
   SLMGR    Software Licensing Management (Vista/2008)
   SOON     Schedule a command to run in the near future
   SORT     Sort input
   START    Start a program or command in a separate window•
   SU       Switch User
   SUBINACL Edit file and folder Permissions, Ownership and Domain
   SUBST    Associate a path with a drive letter
   SYSTEMINFO List system configuration
t
   TASKLIST List running applications and services
   TASKKILL Remove a running process from memory
   TIME     Display or set the system time•
   TIMEOUT  Delay processing of a batch file
   TITLE    Set the window title for a CMD.EXE session•
   TLIST    Task list with full path
   TOUCH    Change file timestamps    
   TRACERT  Trace route to a remote host
   TREE     Graphical display of folder structure
   TYPE     Display the contents of a text file•
   TypePerf Write performance data to a log file
u
   USRSTAT  List domain usernames and last login
v
   VER      Display version information•
   VERIFY   Verify that files have been saved•
   VOL      Display a disk label•
w
   WHERE    Locate and display files in a directory tree
   WHOAMI   Output the current UserName and domain
   WINDIFF  Compare the contents of two files or sets of files
   WINMSD   Windows system diagnostics
   WINMSDP  Windows system diagnostics II
   WINRM    Windows Remote Management
   WINRS    Windows Remote Shell
   WMIC     WMI Commands
x
   XCACLS   Change file and folder permissions
   XCOPY    Copy files and folders

ms-dos commands

A ansi.sys | append | arp | assign | assoc | at | atmadm | attrib B backup | batch | bootcfg | break C cacls | call | cd | chcp | chdir | chdsk | chkntfs | choice | cipher | cls | cmd | color | command | comp | compact | control |convert | copy | ctty D date | debug | defrag | del | delete | deltree | dir| disable | diskcomp | diskcopy | diskpart | doskey | dosshell | driveparm E echo | edit | edlin | emm386 | enable | endlocal | erase | exit | expand | extract F fasthelp | fc | fdisk | find | findstr | fixboot | fixmbr | for| format | ftp | ftype G goto | gpupdate | graftabl H help | hostname I if | ifhlp.sys | ipconfig J NONE K keyb L label | lh | listsvc | loadfix | loadhigh | lock | logoff | logon M map | md | mem| mkdir | mode | more | move | msav | msbackup | msd | mscdex | mwbackup N nbtstat | net | netsh | netstat | nlsfunc | nslookup O NONE P path | pathping | pause | ping | popd | power | print | prompt | pushd Q qbasic R rd | reg | ren | rename | rmdir | route | runas S scandisk | scanreg | set | setlocal | setver | sfc | share | shift | shutdown | smartdrv | sort | start | subst | switches | sys |systeminfo | systemroot T taskkill | telnet | time | title | tracert | tree | type U undelete | unformat | unlock V ver | verify | vol W NONE X xcopy Y NONE Z NONE

microprocessor viva/interview questions

1. What are the flags in 8086? – In 8086 Carry flag, Parity flag, Auxiliary carry flag, Zero flag, Overflow flag, Trace flag, Interrupt flag, Direction flag, and Sign flag. 
2. What are the various interrupts in 8086? – Maskable interrupts, Non-Maskable interrupts.
3. What is meant by Maskable interrupts? – An interrupt that can be turned off by the programmer is known as Maskable interrupt.
4. What is Non-Maskable interrupts? – An interrupt which can be never be turned off (ie.disabled) is known as Non-Maskable interrupt.
5. Which interrupts are generally used for critical events? – Non-Maskable interrupts are used in critical events. Such as Power failure, Emergency, Shut off etc.,
6. Give examples for Maskable interrupts? – RST 7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5 are Maskable interrupts
7. Give example for Non-Maskable interrupts? – Trap is known as Non-Maskable interrupts, which is used in emergency condition.
8. What is the Maximum clock frequency in 8086? – 5 Mhz is the Maximum clock frequency in 8086.
9. What are the various segment registers in 8086? – Code, Data, Stack, Extra Segment registers in 8086.
10. Which Stack is used in 8086? – FIFO (First In First Out) stack is used in 8086.In this type of Stack the first stored information is retrieved first.
11. What are the address lines for the software interrupts? -
    

    RST 0	0000 H
    RST1	0008 H
    RST2	0010 H
    RST3	0018 H
    RST4	0020 H
    RST5	0028 H
    RST6	0030 H
    RST7	0038 H

12. What is SIM and RIM instructions? – SIM is Set Interrupt Mask. Used to mask the hardware interrupts. RIM is Read Interrupt Mask. Used to check whether the interrupt is Masked or not.
13. Which is the tool used to connect the user and the computer? – Interpreter is the tool used to connect the user and the tool.
14. What is the position of the Stack Pointer after the PUSH instruction? – The address line is 02 less than the earlier value.
15. What is the position of the Stack Pointer after the POP instruction? – The address line is 02 greater than the earlier value.
16. Logic calculations are done in which type of registers? – Accumulator is the register in which Arithmetic and Logic calculations are done.
17. What are the different functional units in 8086? – Bus Interface Unit and Execution unit, are the two different functional units in 8086.
18. Give examples for Micro controller? – Z80, Intel MSC51 &96, Motorola are the best examples of Microcontroller.
19. What is meant by cross-compiler? – A program runs on one machine and executes on another is called as cross-compiler.
20. What are the address lines for the hardware interrupts? -
    

    RST 7.5	003C H
    RST 6.5	0034 H
    RST 5.5	002C H
    TRAP	0024 H

21. Which Segment is used to store interrupt and subroutine return address registers? – Stack Segment in segment register is used to store interrupt and subroutine return address registers.
22. Which Flags can be set or reset by the programmer and also used to control the operation of the processor? – Trace Flag, Interrupt Flag, Direction Flag.
23. What does EU do? – Execution Unit receives program instruction codes and data from BIU, executes these instructions and store the result in general registers.
24. Which microprocessor accepts the program written for 8086 without any changes? – 8088 is that processor.
25. What is the difference between 8086 and 8088? – The BIU in 8088 is 8-bit data bus & 16- bit in 8086.Instruction queue is 4 byte long in 8088and 6 byte in 8086.